1) Please define the term closed circulatory system. Whichanimals have it, and what are its’ evolutionary advantages overopen systems (why might a closed system be more efficient)?
(10 points)
2) Describe all the events (steps) that occur during a cardiaccycle for mammals (organisms with a
double circulation), as well as the opening and
closing of all heart valves, and the signals arising from the SAand AV nodes. How does this cycle contribute to metabolichomeostasis for our cells, and what is the purpose of thevalves?
3) Using information discussed during our lectures thus far,propose 2 physical ways that a human may develop hypertension
(abnormally elevated blood pressure). [One of these mechanismsshould
stem from the blood vessels, and the other at the level of thenervous system]. What are the long-
term consequences of elevated hypertension?
