11. What is the theory of fixed species? Explain why fossilsrepresented a problem for this theory. Briefly state why the theoryof fixed species predominated for such a long period ofhistory.
12. Describe Lamarck’s explanation for the evolution of species.Were his hypotheses eventually supported or rejected? Explain howhis observations played a role in the study of evolution.
13. What are Darwin’s major contributions to the theory ofevolution?
14. Explain how the fossil record and homologous structures areevidence for evolution.
15. Which of the following is evidence for common ancestry:analogous or homologous structures? What are some examples ofeach?
16. Explain how phylogenetic/evolutionary trees are created andwhat they represent. Know how to interpret them! What do the branchpoints represent?
17. Define natural selection. Make sure to address how mutationscontribute to it. Then give some examples.
18. Define a population. Compare that to a community andecosystem. What do each of these categories include?
19. Describe genetic drift. How is this different fromselection? Does it usually occur in small or large populations?
20. Distinguish between the following concepts: a. thebottleneck effect and the founder effect b. directional selection,disruptive selection, and stabilizing selection c. artificialselection and natural selection.
