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  3. 1a. what generates proton gradient? where is it ge

1a. what generates proton gradient? where is it generates and how does that limit amount of...

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Biology

1a. what generates proton gradient? where is it generates andhow does that limit amount of gradient possible?

1b. What is oxygen used for during metabolism, and what happensif it is absent?

1c. What molecule increases in the cell when oxygen is absent,and what cellular process related to cell death can this trigger?How is this mechanism an anti-cancer mechanism?

1d. In multicellularity, what problem arises in reproduction byonly a subset of the aggregate cells? Does this same problem arisein clonal forms of multicellular organisms?

1e. What enzymes are used in cell signaling in metazoa?

Answer & Explanation Solved by verified expert
3.6 Ratings (453 Votes)
1a Proton gradient is generated when the electron transport chain transferes H ions in to the outer compartment of the mitochondria Inside the mitochondrial matrix NADH and FADH2 areformed during Krebs cycle which consumes some H ions inside the mitochondrial matrix Formation of water absorbing the electrons and    See Answer
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