a)
Gradient driven by pH difference and membrane potential
difference
F = Faraday’s constant =96485
Δ ψ= membrane potential difference=-0.6 V
R=8.315 J / mol
T=298k
ΔpH=-1.4
                                    Â
= (96485X-0.6) + (2.303X 8.315X 298X-1.4)
                                              Â
= -65880 J/mol or -65.9 KJ/mol
b. For the synthesis of 1 ATPmolecule, 3 protons are required.
Then for the synthesis of 1 mol of ATP, which contains
6.023X1023 ATP moleucles, 3 X6.023X1023
protons will be required= 1.8X1024 protons.
