What role, if any, do environmental factors play ingene expression?
What is genetic screening? Why do they determinepedigrees?
Compare/contrast amniocentesis and chorionic villussampling (including the benefits and risks associated witheach).
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1 Genotype the genetic constitution of an organism The genotype determines the hereditary potentials and limitations of an individual from embryonic formation through adulthood Among organisms that reproduce sexually an individuals genotype comprises the entire complex of genes inherited from both parents organisms genotype is the set of genes that it carries An organisms phenotype is all of its observable characteristics which are influenced both by its genotype and by the environment term phenotype refers to the observable physical properties of an organism these include the organisms appearance development and behavior a The Principle of Independent Assortment describes how different genes independently separate from one another when reproductive cells develop law of independent assortment states that the alleles of two or more different genes get sorted into gametes independently of one another In other words the allele a gamete receives for one gene does not influence the allele received for another gene independent assortment of genes occurs during meiosis in eukaryotes Meiosis is a type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in a parent cell by half to produce four reproductive cells called gametes In humans diploid cells contain 46 chromosomes with 23 chromosomes inherited from the mother and a second similar set of 23 chromosomes inherited from the father Pairs of similar chromosomes are called homologous chromosomes During meiosis the pairs of homologous chromosome are divided in half to form haploid cells and this separation or assortment of homologous chromosomes is random This means that all of the maternal chromosomes will not be separated into one cell while the all paternal chromosomes are separated into another Instead after meiosis occurs each haploid cell contains a mixture of genes from the organisms mother and father Another feature of of independent assortment is recombination Recombination occurs during meiosis and is a process that breaks and recombines pieces of DNA to produce new combinations of genes Recombination scrambles pieces of maternal and paternal genes which ensures that genes assort independently from one another b Crossing over occurs between prophase I and metaphase I and is the process where two homologous nonsister chromatids pair up with each other and exchange different segments of genetic material to form two recombinant chromosome sister chromatidswhich occurs in the
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