Describe the principles of diffusion and osmosis across cellmembranes and how organisms maintain an optimal internal fluidenvironment. Can you please talk about:
a. the mechanisms by which freshwater paramecia rid their bodiesof excess water
b. how invertebrates maintain osmotic balance and waste removalusing four invertebrate types as examples: flatworms, annelid
worms, insects, and hemichordates
c. the general mechanisms of salt balance and metabolic wasteremoval in the kidney of a terrestrial vertebrate
d. a description of the special functions of the \"multipliereffect\" of mammalian kidneys and of the hormone ADH inregulating
salt and water balance
