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Description and illustration of Nicolaus Copernicus s heliocentric model of the solar system In a book called On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies that was published as Copernicus lay on his deathbed Copernicus proposed that the Sun not the Earth was the center of the Solar System Such a model is called a heliocentric system The ordering of the planets known to Copernicus in this new system is illustrated in the following figure which we recognize as the modern ordering of those planets Saturn Jupiter 7 Mars Moons Mercury Earth Vanus Fixed Stars Source The Copernican Model A Sun Centered Solar System Department of Physics Astronomy University of Tennessee from NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam January 2011 This is an excerpt from a letter written by Galileo Galilei in 1615 to the Grand Duchess Christina defending his approach to science Some years ago as Your Serene Highness well knows I discovered in the heavens many things that had not been seen before our own age The novelty of these things as well as some consequences which followed from them in contradiction to the physical notions commonly held among academic philosophers stirred up against me no small number of professors as if I had placed these things in the sky with my own hands in order to upset nature and overturn the sciences They seemed to forget that the increase of known truths stimulates the investigation establishment and growth of the arts not their diminution lessening or destruction Showing a greater fondness for their own opinions than for truth they sought to deny and disprove the new things which if they had cared to look for themselves their own senses would have demonstrated to them To this end they hurled various charges and published numerous writings filled with vain arguments and they made the grave mistake of sprinkling these with passages taken from places in the Bible which they had failed to understand properly and which were ill suited to their purposes Source Galileo Galilei Letter the Grand Duchess Christina 1615 from NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam January 2011 Cause refers to something that contributes to the occurrence of an event the rise of an idea or the bringing about of a development Effect refers to what happens as a consequence result impact outcome of an event an idea or a development Identify and explain a cause and effect relationship associated with the ideas or events in documents 1 and 2 Be sure to use evidence from both documents 1 and 2 in your response

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