Explain how the sympathetic nervous system (andendocrine system) act Directly to regulate heart rate and thuscardiac
output. Include a detailed description of the mechanism(include the target cells, the proteins, signaling molecules,ions,
and changes in membrane pontial where appropriate) andexplain how the mechanism operates to alter heartrate.
Explain how the parasympathetic nervous system acts toDirectly regulate cardiac output (1 mechanism).
Discuss each mechanism separately including a detaileddescription of each mechanism (include the targetcells,
the proteins, signaling molecules, ions, and changes inmembrane pontial where appropriate). Make clear how
each affects cardiac output. This should require abouthalf a page.
