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1. How would you “re-create” hexaploid bread wheat fromTriticum tauschii (diploid) and Emmer wheat(tetraploid)?

1. Compare and contrast the origins of Turner syndrome, Williamssyndrome, cri du chat syndrome, and Down syndrome. (Why are theycalled syndromes?)

1. Describe one human cancer (you should write about; causes,organ affected, development of the cancer, genetics of it,preventive and management measures).

1. CRISPR-Cas9 was first developed as a molecular tool in 2012;during the next few years, its use in molecular biology exploded,as scientists around the world began applying it to many differentresearch problems, and hundreds of research papers describing itsapplication were published. Explain why CRISPR-Cas is such apowerful tool in molecular genetics.

1. Describe in detail the CRISPR-Cas9 system of defense inbacterial against phages.

1. Describe Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) techniques in details.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of PCR techniques.

1. Suppose that you have just graduated from college and havestarted working at a biotechnology firm. Your first job assignmentis to clone the pig gene for the hormone prolactin. Assume that thepig gene for prolactin has not yet been isolated, sequenced, ormapped; however, the mouse gene for prolactin has been cloned, andthe amino acid sequence of mouse prolactin is known. Brieflyexplain two different strategies that you might use to find andclone the pig gene for prolactin.

1. Describe how the genome of an organism of your choice has beensuccessfully engineered to improve a trait of economic importancein the organism.