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Human Physiology

1. Describe the pathway of filtrate flow through the urinarysystem, beginning at the renal corpuscle and ending withelimination from the body. Include in your description thelocations where the three major processes occur, and the names andlocations of the associated capillaries.
2. Describe the events that lead to micturition (urination),including the effect of the nervous system on the musclesinvolved.
3. Explain the concept of transport maximum. Under what scenariowould glucose appear in the urine?
4. Explain in detail the process that establishes and maintainsthe medullary osmotic gradient in the kidneys. Then describe theeffect this osmotic gradient has on the water in the renaltubules.
5. Explain what conditions stimulate the release of ADH by theposterior pituitary. Then describe in detail the effect of ADH oncells lining the collecting duct.
6. Describe the effect aldosterone and ANP have on sodium levelsin the blood.
7. Describe the process by which ingested proteins andcarbohydrates are digested, absorbed, and transported into thebloodstream. Then contrast this with the process pertaining to thedigestion and absorption of dietary fats (lipids). Include anexplanation as to why lipids are processed differently fromhydrophilic molecules.
8. Explain the functions of the stomach and describe the featuresthat make it uniquely adapted to its function, including thefunction of cells located in the gastric pits.
9. Describe the 28-day ovarian cycle (follicle phase & lutealphase), beginning with the development of primary follicles andending with degeneration of the corpus luteum. Include in yourdescription the role of granulosa cells, theca cells, and the zonapellucida.
10. Describe the pathway that sperm travel during ejaculation,beginning in the testes and ending at the penis. Then name anddescribe the function of the accessory glands involved in theprocess.
11. Explain the function of Leydig cells and Sertoli cells in thedevelopment of sperm inside the testes.
12. Describe in detail the steps that lead to inflammation,beginning with the introduction of pathogens into a wound, andending with the formation of a clot. Include in your descriptionthe types of cytokines released and the various leukocytesinvolved. (10 pts.
13. Explain what happens during lymphocyte maturation to ensure Band T lymphocytes do not attack healthy body cells. Include thesite of maturation for B cells and for T cells.