In this stickleback system, the red coloration also plays a rolein signaling between males and females. Males flash color tofemales during courtship dances. However, some males do not producethe color. These males adopt cryptic coloration (resembling thebackground) and engage in sneaky mating attempts instead ofcourtship. Females do not pay attention to these sneaker males.
63. Which of the following is likely the case for the sneakermales?
a) they outnumber the displaying males and their relative numberis maintained by frequency-dependent selection
b) they are outnumbered by displaying males and their relativenumber is maintained by frequency-dependent selection
c) they outnumber the displaying males and their relative numberis maintained by gene flow
d) they are outnumbered by displaying males and their relativenumber is maintained by gene flow
64. Which of the following is likely the case for females?
a) on average, females benefit more by responding to displayingmales only
b) on average, females benefit more by responding to bothdisplaying males and sneaker males
c) on average, females benefit more by responding to sneakermales only
