• Know-how p53 is activated during the cell cycle and what twooutcomes are possible – know the signaling pathways (you do nothave to know how PUMA induces apoptosis, just that it does)
• Know the types of chemical modulators of receptors –agonist/antagonist
• Know the G-protein-linked signaling pathway – how it isactivated and what happens downstream – be able to describe thesignaling pathways that lead to PKA and PKC activation
• Know the tyrosine-kinase signaling pathway – how it isactivated and what happens downstream
• Be able to explain a dominant-negative mutant and constitutivemutant receptor in signaling
• Know the types of cell junctions
• Difference between a benign and malignant tumor
• “Seed & soil†hypothesis of cancer metastasis
• Know & describe the 10 hallmarks of cancer
• Know the four most common causes of cancer
• Know the difference between an oncogene and a tumorsuppressor
• Understand the immune surveillance theory
• Know the phases of the cell cycle and what occurs at eachstage
• Know where the checkpoints (restriction points) occur in thecell cycle and what influences each checkpoint
• Understand the role of cyclins and CDKs – which one isregulatory and which one has the enzyme activity
