the anatomy and physiology of respiration (e.g., explain how
breathing works);
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Biology
the anatomy and physiology of respiration (e.g., explain howbreathing works);
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ANATOMY OF RESPIRATIONThe organs of the respiratory system include the nose pharynxlarynx trachea bronchi and their smaller branches and thelungs which contain the alveoliThe NoseThe nose is the only externally visible part of the respiratorysystemNostrils During breathing air enters thenose by passing through the nostrils or naresNasal cavity The interior of the noseconsists of the nasal cavity divided by a midline nasalseptumOlfactory receptors The olfactory receptorsfor the sense of smell are located in the mucosa in the slitlikesuperior part of the nasal cavity just beneath the ethmoidboneRespiratory mucosa The rest of the mucosallining the nasal cavity called the respiratory mucosa rests on arich network of thinwalled veins that warms the air as it flowspastMucus In addition the sticky mucus producedby the mucosas glands moistens the air and traps incoming bacteriaand other foreign debris and lysozyme enzymes inthe mucus destroy bacteria chemicallyCiliated cells The ciliated cells of thenasal mucosa create a gentle current that moves the sheet ofcontaminated mucus posteriorly toward the throat where it isswallowed and digested by stomach juicesConchae The lateral walls of the nasal cavityare uneven owing to three mucosacovered projections or lobescalled conchae which greatly increase the surface area of themucosa exposed to the air and also increase the air turbulence inthe nasal cavityPalate The nasal cavity is separated from theoral cavity below by a partition the palate anteriorly where thepalate is supported by bone is the hard palatethe unsupported posterior part is the softpalateParanasal sinuses The nasal cavity issurrounded by a ring of paranasal sinuses located in the frontalsphenoid ethmoid and
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